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Frio Point 200 B.C. to 600A.D.
Mountain
Man
North West
Token
Beaver Pelt
Bead Work
Grey Owl
Backrest
Wampum
Cooking Pot
Horn Spoon
North West
Coat of Arms
Stone Hammer
Seed Beads
Plainview Atlatl Point
8150-8010 B.C.
There
are thirty-three historical articles on this site. The articles cover
Pre-historic Indians, Anasazi and Fremont Indians, Lewis and Clark, David
Thompson, Mountain Men, Plains Indians Horses, Smallpox, and Alcohol, Oregon and
Mormon Trail, Martin Willey Handcart Companies, Western Expansion and Manifest
Destiny to the Oregon Country and California, Forest Fires. All of the articles
contain Pictures, Maps, and based on Historical Facts.
Comments, Questions, or Suggestions
Sarah
Crossley Sessions story of Martin's Handcart Company
Mormon Trail Oregon Trail
Historical Landmarks
Willie - Martin Handcart Rescue
Need help: Linda Bennington contacted me about the Sessions family history, but did not include her email in the form box. If anybody knows her would you please tell her to contact me again. I am especially interested in Josephine Rosetta Lyons.
The Perpetual Emigration Fund was started in 1849 to help defray the costs of Mormon converts traveling to the Great Salt Lake Valley. By 1855, the number of converts from England and Europe had reached the point that the Perpetual Emigration Fund (PEF) did not have enough money to pay the costs for the thousands of poor Mormon emigrants that wanted to come to the Salt Lake Valley. Brigham Young decided the easiest, cheapest, and fastest way for large numbers of converts to reach the Salt Lake Valley was by pulling handcarts.
Mormon Handcart
Five persons were assigned to each cart. A family with small children used a covered handcart. The use of these two-wheeled handcarts was a feature unique to Mormon Trail migration. Modeled after carts used by street sweepers in New York, the wooden handcarts were six- to seven-feet long, and wide enough to span a narrow wagon track. The small box on the cart was four-foot long and eight-inches high. A handcart loaded with provisions carried four- to five-hundred pounds.
An adult was allowed seventeen pounds of personal belongings and a child ten pounds...personal belongs included bedding, family keepsakes, clothes, cooking utensils, etc. The belongs were closely weighed for each individual and anything beyond the seventeen pounds was discarded, or in case of a family, anything beyond the total weight allowed for the family members...imagine discarding all of your worldly goods down to seventeen pounds. Even though the converts had little, there were many heirlooms and keepsakes discarded on the prairie outside of Iowa City. In addition to the handcarts, a wagon drawn by two yoke of oxen was provided for a "company" of hundred persons. The wagons carried extra provisions, primarily flour, and five tents. Twenty people were assigned to each tent.
Five handcart companies were organized in 1856 to make the thirteen hundred mile trip from the end of the railroad at Iowa City, Iowa, to Salt Lake City. The first three Handcart Companies made the thirteen hundred mile journey faster and with less problems than had been experienced with wagon trains. The last two companies, the Willie Company and Martin Company were an entirely different story.
Due to a host of unforeseen delays, the Willie Company left Iowa City, Iowa, on July 15th, and the Martin Company on July 28th, 1856. The Willie Company had five hundred emigrants with one hundred and twenty handcarts, five wagons, twenty-four oxen, and forty-five head of cattle. The Martin Company had five hundred and seventy-six people with one hundred and forty-six handcarts, seven wagons, thirty oxen, and fifty head of cattle.
After the two hundred and twenty-seven mile journey from Iowa City to Florence, Nebraska both companies held meetings about proceeding on to the Salt Lake Valley. Several of the leaders, especially Levi Savage, warned that starting so late in the year increased the chance of snow storms while crossing the mountains. A few of the converts left the companies, but the overwhelming majority voted to continue on to the Valley. Following the vote of the Willie Company, Levi Savage said,
Brethren and sisters, what I have said I know to be true, but seeing you are to go forward, I will go with you, will help you all I can, will work with you, will rest with you, will suffer with you, and if necessary I will die with you. May God have mercy bless and preserve us.
West of Fort Laramie, the handcart immigrants had the first sight of the mountains that lay ahead.
The Mountains
Two wagon trains, the Hodgett and Hunt, followed the Martin Company. The two wagon trains carried three hundred and eighty-five emigrants, and were usually too far behind until snow storms stranded both wagon trains and the Martin Handcart Company at Seminoe Post near Devil's Gate.
Devil's Gate
Willie and Martin Handcart Rescue:
Brigham Young was informed by Franklin D. Richards on the evening of October 4th, that the Martin and Willie handcart companies were still on the trail. Astonished by the news, Brigham Young announced the next morning at the Church's General Conference that these people were in dire straits.
I shall call upon the Bishops this day. I shall not wait until tomorrow nor until the next day, for sixty good teams and 12 or 15 wagons. I do not want to send oxen. I want good horses and mules. They are in the territory and we must have them. Also twelve tons of flour and 40 good teamsters beside those that drive the wagons.
A party of twenty-seven men, led by George D. Grant, left the Salt Lake Valley on October 7th, with the first sixteen of what ultimately amounted to two hundred and fifty wagons full of food, clothing, shoes, and blankets by the end of October. Grant reached the Willie Company October 21st. They were snow-bound at the Sixth Crossing of the Sweetwater River. A couple of days before being found by the Rescue Party, the Willie Company's food supply consisted of six emaciated beef animals and four hundred pounds of hard biscuits.
Leaving men and supplies with the Willie Company, the rest of the rescue party struggled on east through wind-blown snow drifts with eight wagons in search of the Martin Company. After locating both Handcart Companies, Grant sent an urgent dispatch to Brigham Young for more wagons and supplies.
...men, women, and children worn down by drawing handcarts through snow and mud are fainting by the wayside; falling chilled by the cold; children crying, their limbs stiffened by cold, their feet bleeding and some of them bare to snow and frost. The sight is almost too much for the stoutest of us, but we go on doing all we can, not doubting or despairing. Our company is too small to help much, it is only a drop in a bucket, as it were, in comparison to what is needed. I think that not over one-third of Mr. Martin's company is able to walk. This you may think is an extravagant, but it is nevertheless true....
I could not find the painter of this picture to give him credit.
Hoping for more supply wagons, the Willie Company waited until October 23rd, before undertaking the worst ordeal of their journey...the five mile climb over Rocky Ridge in a howling snow storm with eighteen- to twenty-four inches of snow on the ground.
The Willie Company waited two days hoping for more supply wagons before undertaking the worst ordeal of their journey...the five mile climb over Rocky Ridge in a howling snow storm. The total distance between campsites was approximately twelve miles and took some emigrants over twenty hours. Wagons and handcarts were taken back to help many that had given up and laid beside the roadside.
Rocky Ridge
The morning after the exertion of Rocky Ridge, thirteen bodies were buried in a shallow grave in Rock Creek Hollow. Two of the men that helped dig the grave died that night, and were buried the next morning with the others in the common grave.
Rock Creek Hollow
The circular burial plot of the fifteen members of the Willie Company that are buried here is unmarked. A big marker commiserates the burial site...there is strong evidence that the camp site and burial place is the confluence of Rock Creek and the Sweetwater River, near Willow Creek, not at Rock Creek Hollow (Deseret News). The fenced areas are graves of thirteen Oregon Trail emigrants.
Among the dead were eleven-year old James Kirkwood and nine-year old Bodil Mortenson. James Kirkwood had carried his four-year old brother part of the way. Staggering into Rock Creek Hollow, James carefully put his brother down by the fire; he then laid down and died. Bodil Mortenson cared for four-year old Jens Nielson Jr. while his mother pulled his father in the handcart...Jens Nielson's feet were so badly frozen that he had sit down beside the trail and begged to be left. In Iowa City, he weighed over two hundred pounds and she weighed around one hundred. When Bodil reached the camp, she gathered sage for a fire. Exausted from the ordeal of Rocky Ridge, she leaned against one of the cart wheels to rest. She died...the sage still in her hand.
The next day October 25th, the Willie Company move on, as they approached South Pass, the company was met by Reddick Allred with fresh teams and supply wagons. There were now enough wagons to carry the sick and those that couldn't walk. The last of the Willie Company handcarts were abandoned at Fort Bridger. The Willie Company arrived in Salt Lake City on November 9th, 1856, with a loss of sixty-seven members.
Two days prior to the last crossing of the North Platte River, the bedraggled Martin Company was in such terrible condition that baggage on the handcarts was reduced to ten pounds per adult and five pounds per child under eight years old. Most of what was discarded was clothing and heavy blankets. On October 19th, the company pulled their handcarts across the chest deep, freezing water of the North Platte River. Just as the last handcarts reached the opposite riverbank, a raging blizzard struck them. The stiff frozen emigrants were forced to move on to where there was wood for fires. That night many of them laid out the frozen canvas tents and slept under the canvas. The next morning, thirteen bodies were left under the snow as the company struggled on. About twelve miles from the North Platte Crossing, the Martin Company with Hodgett's wagon train nearby was snow bound for nine days.
The North Platte Crossing was the Martin Handcart Company's "Rocky Ridge". It is very difficult to determine the actual number that died. Some journals and books state that fifty-six had died by the time that they left Red Bluff, but did this include the thirteen that were buried at the North Platte Crossing? Even many of the deaths at Martin's Cove could be attributed to the "last crossing" of the Platte.
A scouting party sent out ahead of the rescue wagons found the Martin Company on October 28th at Red Buttes, which is sixty-five miles east of Devil's Gate.
Despite the fact that the scouting party had no food or clothing, the starving, benumbed handcart company struggled forward with renewed hope. At this point the rations had been reduced to four ounces of flour a day. Three-days later they were met by Grant's wagons, and were helped on to an abandoned trading post (1852-1855), Semino's Trading Post , near Devil's Gate. The abandoned post offered little shelter for the combined Martin, Hodgett, and Hunt companies. Still unable to move on, it was decided to move two and a half miles northwest to a sheltered cove with a good wood supply.
In order to reach the cove, the handcarts had to be pulled across the Sweetwater River. At this point the river was only knee deep, but chunks of ice were floating on the water. Many of the gaunt-faced handcart men and women set on the bank and pulled their tattered blankets around them; a few started to sob; after the North Platte crossing, they could not face wading across another river. All of the rescue party helped, but four young men were singled out in one journal for carrying people across on their backs. The tireless young men waded back and forth in the icy water until all of the emigrants were on the other side of the Sweetwater River.
Young Men of Sweetwater Rescue
In the meantime, the rescue effort had begun to disintegrate. Rescue teams held up several days by raging snow storms turned back. Fearing to go on, they rationalized that the immigrant trains and Grant's advance party had either decided to winter over, or had perished in the storms.
The Martin Company remained in the camp at Martin's Cove for five days. It had suffered fifty-six dead before being found, and was now losing people daily. Starved, frozen, many unable to walk, their spirits were crushed. The Mormon emigrants had reached the breaking point, but nearly out of food, they must take the trail again or starve to death.
Clark Kelly Price
The two wagon trains were unloaded of any non-essential items and stored in the abandoned buildings at Semino's Trading Post. Dan Jones and several other men were detailed to spend the winter guarding the stored goods until wagons could come after them in the spring. The converts that could not travel on their own rode in the wagons. Many of the dilapidated handcarts were left behind.
A messenger sent back by Grant reached and turned around some of the teams that had abandoned the rescue. At least thirty wagons reached the Martin Company just as it was about to climb over Rocky Ridge that the Willie Company had struggled across.
Warm, fed, and those unable to walk riding in the wagons, the company moved rapidly on. The Martin Company in one hundred and four wagons arrived in Salt Lake City on November 30th, 1856.
The Martin Handcart Company tragedy was the worst disaster in the history of western overland travel...one hundred and forty-five died. The highest death rate was among fathers that gave up part of their meager rations to their starving children. Many a father literally worked himself to death pulling the handcarts. With the loss of so many men, the burden fell on the women and young people to pull the carts and put up the tents. In additions to the deaths, there were many left handicapped from amputation of frozen feet and fingers.
John Chislett wrote:
Nearly all suffered more or less at night from cold. Instead of getting up in the morning strong, refreshed vigorous and prepared for the hardships of another day of toil, the poor Saints were to be seen crawling out from their tents looking haggard, benumbed, and showing an utter lack of that vitality so necessary to our success. Cold weather, scarcity of good, lassitude and fatigue from over-exertion, soon produced their effects. Our old and infirm people began to droop, and they no sooner lost their spirit and courage than death's stamp could be traced upon their features. Life went out as smoothly as a lamp ceases to burn when the oil is gone.
Death was not long confined in its ravages to the old and infirm, but the young and naturally strong were among its victims. Men who were, so to speak, as strong as lions when we started on our journey, and who had been our best supports, were compelled to succumb to the grim monster. These men were worn down by hunger, scarcity of clothing and bedding, and too much labor in helping their families. It was surprising to an unmarried man to witness the devotion of men to their families and to their faith, under these trying circumstances. Many a father pulled his cart, with his little children on it, until the day preceding his death. I have seen some pull their carts in the morning, give out during the day, and die before next morning...
The emigrants of the Martin and Willie Handcart Companies that forded the North Platte River or climbed Rocky Ridge in a Wyoming blizzard paid a high price to live in the West, and I have not seen one reference to the actual survivors complaining or blaming others for the ordeal they suffered.
Three statues, by Russell Bowers of Mesa, Arizona, were erected of the rescuers carrying people across the river near the Sweetwater River and the mouth of Martin's Cove to commemorate the 2006 sesquicentennial celebration of what has become known as the Sweetwater Rescue.
Sweetwater Rescue
- Russell Bowers
Personal Note:
The small area of Martin's Cove is leased by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from the BLM, but except to answer a direct question, there is absolutely no mention of religion by the LDS missionaries stationed there, or at the Martin's Cove Visitor Center which is on Church owned land. This is far different from what you read or hear from the news media, ACLU, and activists about the BLM leasing it to a Church; some claim it is nothing but an area for the Mormon Church to proselyte new members.
With all the garbage put out by the print media and activists about how bad this country is and was, everyone should visit Martin's Cove, especial those with families. There is no better place to feel your heritage, and it is not just for Mormons. Over four hundred thousand people struggled by there on the Oregon and California trail in search of a better life...it is estimated that there is a grave every one hundred and sixty-seven yards on the combined Mormon, Oregon, and California trails. All of these pioneers are our heritage and our heritage is what makes America great. And yes, this greatness brought tragedy to a great many Native Americans.
It has been written in several books that the Martin Handcart Company tragedy was the worst disaster in the history of western overland travel...one hundred and forty-five died. In one way this is true in another way it is not. The worst overland tragedy was the State of Georgia with the help of the United States Army force marching approximately twelve thousand Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma in the winter of 1838-39. Four thousand Cherokee men, women, and children froze or starved to death on the Trail of Tears.
Related Articles: Mormon Trail Oregon Trail Historical Landmarks Astorians Oregon Country
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References:
Cornwall, Rebecca, and Leonard J. Arrington. Rescue of the 1856 Handcart Companies. Vol. 11 of the Charles Redd Monographs in Western History. Provo, Utah 1981.
Hafen, LeRoy R., and Ann W. Hafen. Handcarts to Zion: The Story of a Unique Western Migration, 1856-1860. Vol. 14 of the Far West and the Rockies Historical Series. Glendale, Calif., 1960.
Lund, Gerald N. Fire Of The Covenant. Bookcraft, Salt Lake City, Utah. 1999. - an excellent book.
Internet Sites:
Schindler, Harold. Camp of Israel. Salt Lake Tribune web site, 1997.
http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,635211039,00.html
http://www.meridianmagazine.com/exstories/000414secondrescue.html
http://www.americanwest.com/trails/pages/mormtrl.htm
http://www.rootsweb.com/~iajohnso/handcart.htm
http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/daily/history/1844_1877/handcart_eom.htm